Achievement Gap Essay - 1447 Words

The achievement gap is defined as the disparity between the performance groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, ability and socio-economic status. The achievement gap can be observed through a variety of measures including standardized test scores, grade point averages, drop out rates, college enrollment and completion rates. The Black-White achievement gap is a critical issue in modern society’s education system. Although data surrounding the issue clearly indicates that the racial performance gap exists in areas of standardized tests, graduation rates, dropout rates, and enrollment in continuing education, the causative reasons for the gap are ambiguous—therefore presenting a significant challenge in†¦show more content†¦Less than 4% of the total student population enrolled in America’s colleges and universities (one of the smallest subgroups based on race/ethnicity and gender.) According to the Schott Foundation, the g raduation rate of Black males in CT is between 51%, whereas White males in CT have an 83% graduation rate—a 32% gap. Moreover, the achievement gap between Black women and Black men is the lowest male-to female ratio among all racial/ethnic subgroups. (Strayhorn 1). The disproportionate and devastating failure of Black males in the educational system has further ramifications in our social system as black males are over-represented in the criminal justice system: â€Å"African-American males represent approximately 8.6 percent of the nation’s K-12 public school enrollment but make up about 60 percent of all incarcerated youth† (Smith 2005). In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the academic crisis of adolescent black males, one must examine the research findings surrounding the Black-White achievement gap, black male standardized test scores, black male literacy achievement, and the socio-cultural achievement barriers that obscure black males’ self-perception of themselves as readers. â€Å"According to many standardized assessments, educators in the U.S.Show MoreRelatedThe Gap Of The Achievement Gap917 Words   |  4 Pages The achievement gap is the education gap between the performance group of students in which these groups are usually defined by their social status, race or gender. The education experts proved that this gap had a negative impact on the students of the new generation as most of them tend to believe that this gap couldn t be changed and that their life success and learning will be depending on their social status, race or gender. This gap not only affects students, but also affects everyone in theRead MoreAchievement Gaps1012 Words   |  5 PagesAchievement Gaps Reading, writing and the ability to solve simple mathematical problems are a part of the necessary tools needed to survive in America. Consequently, such learning tools are used numerous times throughout the day without recognition. However, reading, writing and basic knowledge of mathematical problems are not equally achieved by all social groups. It is clear that education plays a major role in the future of an individual, yet there are achievement gaps between Black, WhiteRead MoreThe Achievement Gap1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe education sector, the achievement gap delineates the observed disparity in school performance among student groups. This gap is manifested in measures such as test scores, grades, college completion and dropout rates, and selection of courses. Within the U.S. context, the achievement gap has often been used to refer to the worrying performance disparities between Latinos and African-Americans on one hand and their non-Hispanic white counterparts on the o ther. The gap also describes academic differencesRead MoreAchievement Gap with Minorities753 Words   |  3 Pagesabout achievement gap is broached, it is often offensive towards minorities. Mainly because it implies that you’re acknowledging the fact that there is and achievement difference among their race and Whites. Personally I have no problem with the term because it is factual. It’s what school officials are not doing to close this gap that i have a problem with The achievement gap is sustained by poor school management and teaching—not other social or cultural factors. In order to close this gap amongRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Of Education905 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Achievement Gap.† These are two of the most powerful and controversial words in the educational field today. Professionals use the term achievement gap to refer to the differences in performance, whether it be test scores, attendance, drop-out rates, graduation rates, etc., am ongst the various student populations in education. There have been many educational policies and reforms in an attempt to narrow the achievement gap amongst the various ethnic groups namely, â€Å"No Child Left Behind† (NCLB)Read MoreThe Segregation Of The Achievement Gap1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe Camouflaged Segregation of the Achievement Gap in the United States Education System The first public school in the United States opened in Boston in the year of 1821. By the end of the 19th century, public secondary schools began to outnumber private ones. Nevertheless, the education system started with many flaws. One of the biggest problems of the public educational system is that, although it gave the less advantaged an opportunity to learn, it did so in a segregated way. When we talk aboutRead MoreAchievement Gap Between The Educational Performance Gap931 Words   |  4 PagesAchievement gap refers to the difference between the educational performances of different groups of students (Hidden Curriculum, 2014). While this is still a common problem in society, many educators are trying to close the gap and get all students on the same page for success. It is important to know not only the types of achievement gaps faced within schools, but also how they can be handled effectively. One common achievement gap is that of upper-class majority students versus lower-c lass minorityRead MoreEducation And Academic Achievement Gap1304 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Many people believe that schools should focus on excelling on standardized testing, such as state tests and college entrance exams, and lowering the academic achievement gap. After all, these examinations are major factors in students’ future decisions and schools’ academic success greatly affects their overall achievement. Focusing on standardized testing is important; however, basic courses—such as English, mathematics, and science—are not the only subjects that are beneficial when preparingRead MoreThe Black White Achievement Gap1462 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American students in an affluent, suburban district have not successfully closed the achievement gap. These students’ are generally lower performing that whites and Asians and sometimes lower than Hispanic and/or socio-economically disadvantaged. According to Sohn (2012) the phenomenon of the black white achievement gap has returned. Slaven and Madden (2006) assert â€Å"The gap in academic achievement between African American (as well as Latino) children and their White peers is arguably theRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Is Difficult For Children2305 Words   |  10 PagesMarkese Jones Mr. Hance AP Writing Lab 10 February 2015 The Achievement Gap The achievement gap is difficult for children just entering school because the bar has already been set to where some of those children are going to land. At the age of three, children of people with careers have vocabularies that are nearly 1.5 times greater than

Is It Pink By Robert N. Minor - 1223 Words

This analysis will examine chapter three, â€Å"Is it Pink? Is it Blue?† of Robert N. Minor’s book, Scared Straight: Why It s So Hard to Accept Gay People and Why It s So Hard to Be Human. Minor is a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Kansas and often focuses his writing toward gay rights and gender roles in society. This particular book is a cultural critique of the United States’ gender roles and homophobia. Minor’s arguments leave a weak impression and leave readers with a sense of confusion. Minor ineffectively uses rhetoric in his arguments to establish a purpose, inform his audience, use effective language, or to persuade his audience to take action. Minor’s essentially argues that society’s gender roles are†¦show more content†¦Consequently, these factors lead the audience to question his credibility. In Minor’s writing, he is frequently hypocritical. For example, while he claims to strongly advocate equality between the sexes, he speaks nearly entirely about men’s gender roles, only touching on female gender roles. He scarcely even mentions different gender identities besides male and female. He also always begins speaking about men before women, which several might argue is an illustration of the injustices he is trying to argue against. Time and again Minor will take up two or three pages speaking about the male point of view on a topic, but only a few paragraphs relating to the female side. Also, the female side is usually utilized to contrast the male side, rather than any examples of Minor truly writing about as its own entity. The fact that he speaks only about â€Å"men† and â€Å"women† shows that he himself may portray an ignorance towards other identities. Additionally, while Minor constantly pushes for more tolerance for different sexual ori entations, his definition of other sexual orientations appears limited to gay men, completely ignoring an entire spectrum of sexual orientations and gender identities. In a sense, Minor perpetuates the same gender roles he argues so strongly against. Minor also uses incredibly vague sources in his writing. One instance of this is seen when he incorporates a strange poem into his â€Å"evidence† (71). This poem

Obesity In the United States Free Essays

In the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. In the last 3decades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. A study done by theCenters of Disease Control showed that since 1980, one third of our adult population has becomeoverweight. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity In the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now America is the richest but also the fattest nation in the world, and our obese backsides are the butt of jokes in every other country (Klein 28). The 1980s were a time whenAmericans suddenly started going crazy over dieting, jumping onto the treadmills, and buying prepackaged non-fat foods. However, while all of that was going on, the number of obeseAmericans began to increase. According to a report in the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 58 million people in our country weigh over 20 percent of their body’s ideal weight. The article â€Å"Fat Times† states, â€Å"If this were about tuberculosis, it would be called an epidemic†(Elmer-Dewit 58). The eating habits of society have steadily become more harmful and havestarted to produce gluttonous children, over-indulgent adults, and a food industry set too muchon satisfying our appetites. Obesity can begin at a very young age. Many children in our society are overweight,setting themselves up for serious health problems later in life. Type 2 diabetes, high bloodcholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart problems are just some of the risks. Children who areoverweight also tend to feel less secure, less happy, and be stressed more than normal weight children do. They get teased, criticized, and judged. In many cases, the problem is not the child’sfault. Being overweight may run in that child’s family, or their parents do not encourage them to be active and get enough exercise. Many children spend too much time indoors wasting away infront of the TV, playing video games, or spending time on the computer, and consuming high fatsnacks, soft drinks and candy at the same time (Weight Management). The CDC performed astudy in 1994 that was described in the book Fat Land; it showed that children who watched over four hours of television a day had higher body mass index (body fatness) numbers than thosewho watched less than one hour a day. In 1994, The Centers for Disease Control studied the TVviewing time, exercise patterns, and weight gain of 4063 children aged eight to fifteen. Theresults found that the less a child exercised and the more they watched TV, the more likely theywere to be obese or overweight. When they surveyed the parents, they discovered that theconcern about crime was a reason that the parents didn’t want their children outside being active. That is why they were not concerned about the harmful effect of sitting in front of the TV allday; they were just glad that their children were safe. Surveys, studies, and reports that came outin the 1990s began to show shocking results of how â€Å"socially disfranchised† children were becoming from being obese (Critser 73-74). Schools aren’t helping the children either;How can the school nutritionist compete against BigFoot pizzas and Super-Size fries? The $50,000 the U. S. government allots each state annually to teach kids to eat right islost next to the billions spent designing food and packaging that will ring the kids’Pavlovian bells†¦ the percentage of teens who are overweight, which held steady at about15% through the 1970s, rose to 21% by 1991. The kids eat nothing but junk food’ saysLiam Hennessey, a special-ed teacher from San Francisco who watches students on school trips open the lunches their parents pack for them, gobble up the Oreos and Pop-Tarts and toss out the sandwiches† (Elmer-Dewitt). A Harvard Health Report, â€Å"Weight Less, Live Longer,† discusses how many pe ople donot realize that their appetite and diet can be closely related to many psychological factors. Any person who has ever binged on chips or cookies when they feel upset can understand this. Several studies have shown that people tend to eat more when they feel anxious, depressed, or have symptoms of other emotional disorders. Certain foods have been known to have a calmingeffect, although unfortunately it is usually the fattening foods that do. When a depressed personeats to feel better, they gain weight, and being overweight can in turn cause depression and theemotional problems that signal overeating. A vicious cycle begins. Being overweight can causemore emotional problems than just overeating, however. Sadly, obese people are very oftensocially shunned, judged, criticized, and made fun of. They have more trouble finding jobs,friends, and mates. Being discriminated against just adds to the emotional strain that overweight people have to deal with. Their depression from being obese can cause feelings of hopelessness,making it seem impossible for them to try to lose weight and change the way they look (WhyPeople Become Overweight). The book Food as a Drug describes some studies that have beendone to try and see if obesity could be considered the same as a drug dependency disorder. Foodcan sometimes be a powerful psychoactive substance, and â€Å"one way to view eating disorders isto appreciate that food is a complex mixture and that the body responds to food as it does tochemicals, such as those found in alcohol and other psychoactive drugs. Eating disorders aretherefore chemical disorders† (Food as a Drug). The food we eat in America is another factor contributing to the nation’s obese population. The desire for junk food has rapidly replaced the desire for fruits and vegetables and other healthy edibles. Who can blame people for buying it? It’s easy, quick, cheap, and fun. What people can be blamed for is the amount they eat. Junk food defined is food packed withchemicals, sugar, and sodium, such as french fries, hamburgers, and sweets. Junk food is not justlimited to snacks; fast food was put on the list when the calories, fat, sodium, and chemicalcontent surpassed the nutritional value. â€Å"Although many health authorities insist that there is nosuch thing as junk food, consumers find it a useful term for distinguishing nourishing food from products whose chief appeal is fun, convenience, and addictive taste; ‘bet you can’t eat just one’†(Junk Food). Americans are spending about $4. billion a year on potato chips, and 23. 5 billiona year on candy and gum. 46 Percent of adult Americans eat out on a typical day, and one thirdof them choose fast food. That is because the fast food industry has slowly become one of thesymbols of American culture and is spreading to other cultures as well: McDonalds has 26,000locations in 119 countries, Pizza Hut has more than 10,000 in 86 countries, and Subway has14,500 in 75 countries. Commercials, signs, and huge advertisements are pushing junk food at usevery day; people can not even go to the grocery store without candy bars being lined up right bythe checkout. The junk food industry realizes how appealing it can be. When a person is in arush, they can easily eat a large meal without having to make a lot of decisions, work, dress up,or get out of their car. The speed and convenience fit Americans’ pressured lifestyles. It does notfit, however, to our health and wellness. A fast food meal, such as a Burger King DoubleWhopper with cheese, contains 965 calories, more than double the amount of fat, and as much as750 grams too much sodium for the day. The food is providing all the wrong ingredients; it hastoo much protein and fat and no fiber or vitamins. It is o wonder our nation is so overweightwhen the food they make habit of eating can be so dangerous. It is very unfortunate that Americans get to the point where fat caters to their hurried lifestyles. Junk food may not bealtogether toxic, but when it is eaten on a habitual basis it can be deadly (â€Å"Junk Food†). Excessive weight on the body can pose some extremely serious he alth risks. Just some of those risks are type 2 diabetes, infertility, hypertension, heart attacks, colon cancer, prostatecancer, hyperlipidemia, and breast cancer. The general mechanism for gaining weight is obviousand simple. When people consume more calories than the body can burn, the body stores thosecalories as fat tissue. However, some genetic factors can play a part, such as how the bodyregulates the metabolic rate and appetite. Some people use their genetics as an excuse, butactually those that have the predisposition to gaining weight do not have to be fat (Carson-Dewitt). â€Å"People with only a moderate genetic predisposition to be overweight have a goodchance of losing weight on their own by eating fewer calories and getting more vigorous exercisemore often. These people are more likely to be able to maintain this lower weight† (Why PeopleBecome Overweight). It is mainly the amount of fat that people make a habit of eating and their lifestyle that plays the biggest role in their overall health. Some symptoms of obesity are excessfatty tissue and excessive weight gain, causing arthritis, lower back pain and other orthopedic problems, hernias, heartburn, adult-onset asthma, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure,gum disease, gallstones, skin disorders, shortness of breath that can be incapacitating, sleepapnea, and emotional and social problems. Studies have shown that individuals who are â€Å"apple-shaped† tend to have higher risks of risk heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes than peoplewhose weight sits in their hips and thighs and are â€Å"pear-shaped† (Carson-Dewitt). The book Eating Disorders and Obesity points out also that where fat is deposited in the body makes adifference in disease risk. The intra-abdominal fat is very dangerous. In this area, fat cells produce harmful chemicals that go to the liver. Lipacidemia (the presence of fatty acid in the blood) obstructs oxygen and glucose from being transported to the muscles, thus increasing the body’s resistance to insulin. The book also shows statistics that adult onset diabetes is mostsensitive to weight gain. â€Å"A gradient in risk of more than 50-fold is seen from the leanest to theheaviest men and women, and even modest gains in weight from age 18 to midlife are associatedwith an increase in risk several times greater than that of a person who maintained a stableweight† (Eating Disorders and Obesity). Increased BMI (body mass index) of 23 to 25 hadincreased abnormalities in blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids. People who areoverweight may try to present the benefit of less hip fractures and broken bones than people whoare lean (because of more padding), but heart disease and diabetes are far more important anddangerous health risks. There are no benefits to being overweight (Eating Disorders andObesity). Preventing obesity at an early age is very beneficial to people’s health and self-esteem. Parents can prevent their children from becoming obese later in life more than they know. Theyneed to be role models for their children, and set examples of a good lifestyle. Regulating howmuch the child eats is important, especially what they’re eating. Sugar should be cut down, aswell as high-calorie snacks. Limiting time in front of the TV and computer could increase physical activity as well (Weight Management). The article â€Å"Obesity† explains that obese adultswhose parents never taught them good eating and health habits have to take care of themselvesand change their lifestyles. Treating obesity is not just about quick weight loss, it is about settingup a lifelong pattern of good choices. Yo-Yo† dieting is very dangerous and can increase a person’s risk for fatal diseases. Behavior-focused treatment should concentrate on learning andunderstanding the fat content and overall nutritional value of most foods. Overweight individualsmay need to keep a food diary to record their calories and food choices, and change habits in grocery shopping, times of meals, and actual rate of eating. Some psychological factors, such ashow a person views food, could play a part. Some people overeat when they are under extremestress, for example, and see food as a comfort. Others may eat to reward themselves for success. Many views of food are contributing to why people gain weight so quickly, and if people canidentify the psychological reasons behind why they eat so much, they could prevent a lot of problems. The article continues by describing how physical activity is another life habit that isvital to make. The amount of time someone spends exercising and being active can contributemuch to his or her overall health. As many as 85% of dieters who do not exercise on a regular basis regain their lost weight within two ears. In five years, the figure rises to 90%. Exerciseincreases the metabolic rate by creating muscle, which burns more calories than fat. Whenregular exercise is combined with regular, healthful meals, calories continue to burn at anaccelerated rate for several hours. When individuals work hard and build endurance, it helpsthem not feel discouraged. New activities and varied routines can help them not lose interest instaying active. Indi viduals trying to make these life changes would be wise to be encouraged andsupervised by a medical professional. Weight loss programs, such as â€Å"Weight Watchers† cansometimes be effective, as they emphasize realistic goals, sensible eating, gradual progress andexercise. However, some can be dangerous because they promise extreme weight loss and may put people on dangerous diet plans or pills. Most doctors would not approve of those, but wouldrecommend a low calorie diet (about 1200 to 1500 calories a day), or a liquid protein diet for upto three months. Along with the supervision of dieting and exercise, the doctor would probablyrecommend a psychiatrist to help the patient deal with their views on food. Sometimes appetite-suppressant pills are administered, which increase levels of serotonin or catecholamine,chemicals that control feelings of fullness. Food plays a huge part though; â€Å"getting the correct ratios of protein, carbohydrates, and good-quality fats can help in weight loss via enhancement of the metabolism. Support groups that are informed about healthy, nutritious, and balanced dietscan offer an individual the support he or she needs to maintain this type of eating regimen†(Obesity). Obesity experts have made the point that monitoring fat consumption is moreimportant than just counting calories. Just 30 percent of calories eaten per day should come fromfat, and only one third of those calories should come from saturated fat (Obesity). Many Americans are trying to fight the battle against obesity. Many aren’t winning. Howcan they when packaging on junk food is distracting children from the salad bar, or when adultssee commercials for huge meals every 10 minutes on television? Food is being pushed atAmericans constantly; there seems no way to get around the message of â€Å"you have to eat. There seems to be no way to achieve fitness goals because there are too many obstacles. Whether a person’s obstacles are their genetics and metabolism, their depression, or their habits andlifestyle, being overweight is one of the hardest things in life to deal with. The things that obese people have to deal with are very unfortunate. The health problems are harmf ul enough to well- being, but the cycle of depression and emotional problems that comes along with obesity in somany cases can be worse. Obese people have to walk through life constantly being reminded of their damaging habits and things can seem so hopeless. It is so important to start healthy habitsearly in life. The benefits of good behavior and good life patterns can make life more fulfilling,worth living for and longer lasting. Americans used to embrace healthy eating habits but thecountry got so busy that good ideals were thrown away. The problem of obesity is not just aboutfood; it is about an entire lifestyle How to cite Obesity In the United States, Essay examples

Baby Boomers Essay Example For Students

Baby Boomers Essay Our children are our future; our seniors are our foundation (Wissel L. 2000). Fifty five million Americans are age fifty five and older, according to the United States Census Bureau, of that number, thirty five million are age sixty five and older. By the year 2030, the sixty five and older population will double to seventy million, and the fastest growing segment of the older population is age eighty five and older. The baby boomer generation will soon reach the retirement age, and expected to redefine old age. Just as they have redefine every stage of their lives because boomers will be the largest generation of elderly, they will impact everything from housing to health care as the market and society caters to their wealth, longevity, and interest in new technology (Dytchweld K. 1999). The baby boomer generations also the first to have the luxury to examine personal issues and raise questions concerning work, health care, technology, politics, and social and moral issues (USA Today Magazine, November 19, 1999). No other generation reflects the complex world we live in today. The baby boomers have left their indelible mark on America’s social landscape. The baby boomers created pop culture and a new form of political activism (Breaux J. November 1999). Education, medical advances, and technology afforded more freedom and independence. Soon America will look different; the average age of the population will go up to fifty-five. The baby boomers will have the benefits and face the challenges of longevity. Can America afford the social, medical, and political issues the aging baby boomers demand? Will our transportation system ensure more old drivers have safe alternatives? How will our national housing policy adapt to the senior boom? How about the pension and financial plans that allow older Americans to move in and out of retirement (Breaux, J. November 1999). The size and distinct characters of the baby boomers will not only create a sense of urgency to current issues, but also creat e a whole new set of aging issues. Among the many cultural contributions of the baby boomers along with the free love, the drug scenes and Grateful Dead ties, was the concept of generation gap (Veith G.). In every other culture and throughout history, children were socialized to be adults. When children grew up they took their parents places, roles and their values. There was no separate subculture, no music and fashion to set off the younger generation from their parents. Children were dressed, for the most part, like little adults, but in the mid twentieth century, American culture became stratified along generational lines (Veith G.). The generation prior to the baby boomers, after World War II, had extra ordinary prosperity and better living through technology, may have spoiled their children a little. The baby boomer generation never concentrated on learning their parent’s skills and disciplines, but worked hard on entertaining themselves. This process was helped along with not only television, but perhaps even more importantly radios and record players, which made possible the mass production and nationwide distribution of music (Veith G.)The baby boom generation has always been in the spotlight reshaping every American institution. As children, the public school systems were reinvented to meet their needs. As young adults, music and pop culture was drastically changed by their participation. As they move towards old age, they will also redefine and revolutionize the American aging experience. Baby boomers have reaped the benefits of change. They grew up with more education and high expectations, technology and medical research have blossomed throughout their lives and they have come to expect lifestyle improvements in every turn. With their political clout, they will expect the government, corporate America, the research community and the health care sector to meet their growing needs. Government policies should encourage private sector investments in products and services to help the needs of the aging baby boomers and reflect the diversity in lifestyle, race and income of the future senior citizens. For the last few decades the influential baby boomer segment of the population dominated the American culture virtually in any aspect. Television programming may not specifically target baby boomers, but since baby boomers fit into the prime eighteen to forty nine year old or twenty five to fifty four year old demographics that are preferred by most advertisers, the baby boomers are, by default, the biggest part of many network audiences (Walther C. 1998). Because the baby boomers capture the lion’s share of attention from programmers and advertisers, programming might change to attract the demographics. We are now seeing a change on today’s cable programming, we now see more cable network stations that cater to travel, such as the Travel Network, educational programs like the one’s shown in the Discovery Channel, technology and information systems like Tech TV and many more. The biggest network that is boosting high following from baby boomers is the Home and Ga rden TV (HGTV), which profiles people who have undertaken midlife career or lifestyle changes; and vacation living, a program targeting the more affluent and older baby boomer segment considering extended vacations (Walther C. 1998). Networks will also use on air talents with â€Å"a little gray hair†, use older music that is familiar to the boomers, or try to reach or alter programs for boomers to fir their lifestyle (Walther C. 1998). Music videos are even changing nowadays, Music Television (MTV) still caters to younger viewers, but Video hits One (VH1) has change their focus. Rather than focus on a general audience, they are specifically targeting baby boomers with their shows. They are featuring artists that the baby boomers listened to while growing up. Artists like the Beatles and the Beach Boys just to name a few. The supermarket of the future will be redesigned; they will carry more varieties of foods and products that will be geared towards the needs of the baby boomer segment. Prepared take-out food, more organic fruits and vegetables, specially prepared and raised meat products are some of the varieties that we can expect to be a main staple on future grocery store. Services such as banking and laundry services will also be provided to consumers to maximize the consumer’s shopping experience. The baby boomers will influence how our food will be manufactured, the concern on health and moral values will force the food manufacturers to reshape the way they prepare and select their ingredients (Saccomano A. 1999). They have to offer foods that will benefit health or fortified products that contain vitamins and nutrients. Since the boomers will be the leading edge of expectation and preference, with their demands on quality and convenience, will also benefit all consumers, young and old. Have You Come a Long Way Baby? EssayTo elaborate more on the subject of health care concerns of the baby boomers, an article written by Amy Turnbull, (Morning Star November 15, 1999) Quoted Mr. Patrick Brady, who is the executive director of Citizens for Long Term Care (CLTR), a non partisan Washington D.C. based nonprofit organization that wants to raise awareness of problems in the long term care system. He talked about problems that can be exacerbated as baby boomers age. Mr. Brady told residents and others at the Manorhouse that in thirty one years, more than twenty percent of the population will be sixty five or older and the cost of long term care will be astronomical. By 2030, unless significant changes are made in America’s entitlement programs, social security spending, Medicare and federal civilian and military pensions, spending will exceed the government’s revenues. In conclusion, The baby boomer generation will be the largest retiring population that our society will experience. They will affect decisions that in turn will be the basis on how society will live in the near future. Because of their political clout and voting power the baby boomers will basically decide the future of the nation, how society will view beliefs, how laws will be enacted and create more laws that will be made for the needs of the retiring baby boomers. Because of their wealth and longevity, many businesses will cater to their needs, changes on food manufacturing will be affected for the better, and we will see more nutritious food and many more facilities offering convenience. The medical fields will be impacted the most by the retiring baby boomers, the need for more facilities, better services and care, and effective prescription drugs will be in high demand in the near future. Future careers of people will also be impacted by their retirement; people will get jobs that are related to directly or indirectly to the needs of the retiring baby boomers. Research and technology will also benefit from their retirement; their usual demands for better things will predict what new ways people will be doing or making in the near future. Everyone should be made aware of the consequences of the retiring baby boomers. There will be lots of technological advances and exciting changes that will happen, but there are also issues that the nation as a whole should start thinking and finding ways to solve right now, issues like social security benefits, Medicare, aging society issues, medical care and many more. Facing issues at an early stage will not only benefit the retiring population, but the nation as a whole. The near future can be an exciting place to be the benefits that the aging baby boomers will demand can also make everyone’s life better. They will affect all aspects of life; politics, businesses and social life will change to conform to the aging baby boomers’ needs. So get ready, The baby boomers are coming. ReferencesWalther, C. October 12, 1998. Cable News Network Play to Baby Boomers. Multi Channel NewsLucas, F. July 17, 1999. Food Market of Future Affluent Boomer’s Influence Grows. Washington Times, Business SectionMonaldo, F. March 21, 2000. What Goes Around Comes Around. Available. http://www.suite101.com/aricle.cfm/392/35287Breaux, J. November 9, 1999. The Baby Boomers Are Coming. Available. http://www.senate.gov/breaux/columns/991108a.htmlDytchwald, K. September18-5, 1999. How the 21st Century will be Ruled by the New Old. Chicago, Putnam Thatcher. USA Today Magazine. November 1999. Aging Baby Boomers May Help Slow Down Society. Available. http://findarticles.com/cf_0/m1272/2654/jhtmlFahey, M. January 29, 2001. (Almost) Ready to Retire. Insight on the news; WashingtonKirchheimer, B. January 15, 2001. A Baby Boomer Boom. Modern Healthcare; ChicagoGriffin, M. December 18, 2000. Gear Up for the Coming Aging Wave. Drug Store News; New YorkRosenberg, D. January 15, 2001. A Place of Their own. Newsweek Magazine; New YorkHoagland J. November 5, 2000. Baby Boomers Politics. The Washington Post; Washington D.C. Kurth, J. October 10, 2000. Suburban Boomers Take on the City Hall From Macomb Township to Westland. They are getting into politics. Detroit News. Detroit, Michigan. Saccomano A. October 18, 1999. Picky Eaters. Available. http://www.findarticles.com/cf/_0m0voo/3/article.jhtmlTurnbull, A. November 15, 1999. Tar Heel Politics. Morning Star News. Wilmington, NCSocial Issues

Everyone has heard the term theres no I in team Essays - Mineralogy

Everyone has heard the term there's no "I" in team, a phrase meant to signify that on teams individuals don't exist. That it should be all about the team that personal goal, aspirations, and accolades are not important. Can a person truly set aside every aspect of one's self for the sake of a team goal that are often not measurably import outside the team? I think people can do that and much more if put in situations where its required to reach a certain goal, and that's what team sports do they raise the stakes on simple goals and apply pressure to the athletes and coaches involved and more times than not these situations bring the best out of people. Heat and pressure make diamonds out of coal and I think it makes diamonds out of men also. That's why some of the most amazing humans to walk this earth have been athletes of some kind.

North Face Inc Essays

North Face Inc Essays North Face Inc Essay North Face Inc Essay Discuss the risks to an audit should the client become aware of the materiality thresholds used on audit engagements by the auditing firm. Auditors cannot insist that their clients accept all proposed audit adjustments even those that have an â€Å"immaterial† effect on the given set of financial statements, because most clients would refuse to propose audit adjustments. 1. Discuss the general principles or guidelines that dictate when companies are entitled to record revenue and how the $7. 8 million barter transaction and the two consignment sales discussed in the case may have violated these principles. Revenues and gains are realized when products (goods or services), merchandise, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash revenues are considered to have been earned when the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues. Generally, barter transactions in which a company receives trade credits in exchange for merchandise should be recorded at the fair value of the merchandises given up since the ultimate reliability or economic value of the trade credits is typically not determinable at the time of the exchange. So, even though the exchange element of the revenue recognition principle is satisfied by such a transaction, the realized element is not necessarily satisfied, meaning that any profit on the transaction should be deferred. In the case at hand, there was clearly some question as to the fair value of the excess merchandise that was being sold to the barter company. A conservative treatment of the transaction might have dictated that a loss or write-down of the merchandise was actually the most appropriate accounting treatment for the transaction. . Explain the principle objectives of auditor’s work papers and how these objectives were undermined by Deloitte’s decision to alter North Face’s 1997 work papers. Audit documentation serves mainly to: a. Provide the principal support for the basis of opinion of audit paper work , including the representation regarding observance of the standards of fieldwork, which is implicit in the reference to generally accepted audit ing standards. b. Aid the auditor in the conduct and supervision of the audit. Both of these objectives were undercut by the decision of the Deloitte auditors to alter North Face’s 1997 audit workpapers. First, by modifying the 1997 workpapers and not documenting the given revisions in those workpapers, the Deloitte auditors destroyed audit evidence, evidence that demonstrated that the 1997 audit team had properly investigated the authoritative literature relevant to barter transactions and proposed an audit adjustment consistent with the requirements of that literature. Second, the alteration of the 1997 workpapers affected the decisions made on the 1998 audit. That is, the auditors during the 1998 audit relied on the apparent decisions made during the 1997 audit and thus reached an improper decision on the accounting treatment that would be appropriate for the barter transaction recorded by North Face in January 1998. North Face’s management teams were criticized for strategic blunders that they made over the course of the company’s history. Do auditors have a responsibility to assess the quality of the key decisions made by client executives? Defend your answer. Clearly, major strategic blunders by client management can create an environment in which client executives and their key subordinates have a strong incentive to distort their entity’s accounting records and financial statements. More generally, the overall quality of top management’s decisions affects the â€Å"inherent risk† present during a given audit References: termpapersmonthly. com

Conventional Vs. Organic Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conventional Vs. Organic Food - Essay Example One of the dangers of feeding on conventional food is the accumulation of dangerous chemicals in the body. According to Geary (2012), the chemicals used in inorganic fertilizers that are in turn used to bring up the conventional plants later on accumulate in our bodies after we feed on these foods. This later results into health problems such as obesity, development of cancer and stomach upsets among others. An easier way to avoid this is to stick to the conventional foods that are easy to grow and take care of. Another danger of feeding on conventional food is the fact that such food contains less nutritional value when compared to the organic food. According to Geary (2012), the chemicals used in cultivating the conventional crops reasons hasten their growth leading to unsustainable development of roots that prevents the absorption of adequate minerals. As such, when taken this way, little nutrients are taken in leading to poor health among the users of such food. The reasons given by people to warrant their usage of conventional food rather than the organic is that the conventional food is cheaper. As Geary (2012) argues out, this can be dealt with effectively if all people were to shift to organic food. The main reason as to why the price of organic food goes high is the limited market available which forces farmers to sell their products at prices which are a bit higher in order to avoid the imminent losses. However, if all people were to cultivate or buy organic food.

Evolution of marketing strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Evolution of marketing strategy - Case Study Example By selling a product via targeting the customers' desires (emotions), H-D was able to capture people from all walks of life. From top executives to blue-collar workers, a diverse group of people bought into the lifestyle and sense of belonging to an elite group that H-D had created. This occurred because H-D staff members from all various positions, departments, and socioeconomic status were involved in the company's decision making regarding the changes. Vedpuriswar (2003) reports, "By 1986, H-D had regained 25% of the US motorcycle market'it went public on the New York Stock Exchange'From 1988 t0 1995, annual shipments'more than doubled. Although H-D generated more than $1.3 billion revenues in 1995, it spent less than less than $2 million in advertising'In H-D achieved its 18th consecutive year of growth, outselling all other manufacturers in the heavyweight category for the third straight year'" H-D had the right idea when it focused on people being the greatest competitive advantage. By focusing on four marketing objectives, H-D was able to capture both beginners and those who had already fallen in love with its products. After much research, it was able to gear its motorcycles, pricing, advertising, and all other aspects to enthusiasts and non-enthusiasts. H-D used the same the same research and customized approach to target the international market by keeping motorcycle production below demand. The freedom and liberty of America was the symbol that H-D used to sell its products. The image that the company sold was the niche that made it successful above its competitors. With products ranging from motorcycles to clothing to financing, H-D's marketing mix was advertised in that many found surprising. The company wanted to get the general public's attention. H-D also combined forces with other companies such as Ford to create limited edition of vehicles. Hence, the community of customers that H-D built is from all walks of life. Membership, with purchase of a motorcycle, allowed customers to attend unique activities and functions (at local, regional, national, and international levels), which allowed them to share their love of riding and to Last Name 3 belong to a special community of those who share the same interests. Brand loyalty was the result of all this research and hard work and it proved to be extremely successful. The brand and licensing was sold to various companies in the United Stated and other countries. Eighty licenses covered eighteen product categories worldwide. The H-D brand can be found on cafes, dolls, children's wear, toys, etc. As with anything in life, with the pros are the cons; with the advantages there are usually disadvantages. A disadvantage was that H-D listened to their customers so well and created such a desire that they could not keep up with the demand at the current level of production. Some executives are concerned that the H-D brand, which exemplifies ruggedness and masculinity, may be disastrous as it goes into a category that does not live up to this hardcore image and value. They feel that the company may have ventured into territories that it had no business in dealing with which may have led to devastating

Personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Personal - Essay Example   While my undergraduate course had been indispensable in carrying out the duties of my current job, I still felt the need to explore more on the studies of public administration to expand my knowledge and skills in public service which explains why I would like to pursue a post graduate degree in Public Administration with the Emphasis in Disaster Preparedness and Executive Fire Leadership as my first choice of academic program and Emphasis in Government and Policy as my secondary program of interest.   Both programs in Master in Public Administration deal with the advance levels of policy formulation, leadership and administrative preparedness in a public service context which explains why it interests me to explore through a formal study. I prefer to pursue post graduate academic training in Master in Public Administration with an Emphasis in Disaster Preparedness and Executive Fire Leadership University in Troy State University not only because of its excellent program and esteemed academic reputation, but also because of its holistic development program and the special emphasis it put on diversity. As a potential student in Master in Public Administration, I believe that I will tremendously benefit with this unique mix of academic training as well as having cultural and professional exposure because it will complement my academic education with cultural education. I believe that exposure to different nationality and profession is equally important especially in government because we are dealing with all kinds of people with different cultural background. I have a high regard of the academic standard of a post graduate study at Troy State University but I believe that my undergraduate study at University of Southern California had prepared me to undertake such academic rigor to be able to one of its exemplary students. I am a quick study albeit I also suffer the weakness of procrastination which is commonly shared by many

Manages debated and controversial topic in english

Manages debated and controversial topic in english The way in which our innate language abilities are able to influence how successfully we manage to use a language is a somewhat debated and controversial topic within the world of linguistics. Many believe that universal grammar has a very strong influence on how well an individual is able to structure sentences and use grammar while others disagree, at least with regard to how important it is in different situations. It is often argued that universal grammar has at least a moderate influence on first language acquisition, but the affect it has on second language acquisition is where the controversies lie, with many researchers having opposing opinions. Individuals who learn a foreign language frequently experience problems with using correct grammar, at least until they are very advanced in the acquisition process. A lot of the time, individuals learning a second language take a very long time to become as proficient as native speakers are, and they even often never reach the same l evel of proficiency as native speakers of the language. The significance of this is highly debated however, with a variety of causes being outlined as possible from many different studies. Time and time again, it has been shown that individuals who learn a second language often use grammar inappropriately, even when they may be at least moderately accustomed to the language and have been learning it for a reasonably long amount of time. For example, Lu (2001) found that Chinese learners speaking English often used the word â€Å"the† when it would be more correct to use â€Å"a†. This is a trend that has been found in many so-called L2 learners (i.e. people who are learning a second language). Interestingly however, such errors have also been found in the acquisition of English as a first language. A good example of this was in a study by Schaeffer and Mathewson in 2005. They found that children learning English as a first language make very similar errors to the errors individuals learning a second language make. They also state that children seem to start off by obeying what seem to be innate universal grammar principals, but as their learning develops, they eventually start to apply the rules of the language in the way adults do (through learning, conditioning and observation). The suggestion here therefore is that universal language is the cause of this incorrect grammar usage in both children learning to speak and in adults learning a second language, at least to some degree. This implies that universal grammar may indeed have a role in second language acquisition, since it seems that there are certain innate rules of language development that everyone follows right or wrong. Of course, many other studies imply that universal grammar influences the individual to speak properly rather than wrongly (albeit, at a different stage of the language acquisition process). It is argued that the input an individual receives when learning a language is not enough to allow them to successfully and properly use grammar, therefore meaning innate language abilities have a strong influence on language development, at least with regard to first language acquisition and likely with second acquisition too (White, 1985). A big question is raised from this theory of universal grammar being so integral to successful language development. When considering the idea that a large part of grammar ability may be innate, one must question how to differentiate between innate language abilities and learned language knowledge knowledge that (for L2 learners) was gained from the learning of their first language. To differentiate between innate and learned phenomena, there are two areas to be considered (White, 1990). Firstly, the input the individual receives for learning the language should be insufficient for the phenomenon to be present. Secondly, it should be different from phenomena learned as part of the first language. The fulfilment of both of these criteria could in theory mean an innate language ability is responsible for the production of the specific phenomenon in the L2 learning. Most studies into L2 language acquisition have been based around adult learners. Zdorenko and Paradis (2007) however carried out a study into second language learning in children. Within this study, they addressed numerous questions, taking into account how much first language background affects second language acquisition. Their conclusions were that the childrens first language influenced their acquisition early on in the learning process, but not later on, once the child had become more competent. They do not directly suggest that any part of the L2 learning however is innate, and instead suggest that article semantics could be responsible for the presence of certain phenomena. The idea that universal grammar may have a role in the development of first language acquisition is generally more accepted than the idea that it plays a role in second language acquisition. This largely could be to do with the fact that determining a role for innate language abilities at the stage of learning a second language is a lot more challenging, since with first language acquisition the only confounding factor that needs to be taken into account is the level of input the learner receives about the language. Flynn (1996) suggested a model for the role of universal grammar in L2 learners. The model has 3 possibilities: the no access hypothesis, the partial access hypothesis and the full access hypothesis. The no access hypothesis states that universal grammar simply is not accessible to L2 learners and all learning is simply due to input the learner gains. The partial access hypothesis claims that universal grammar is partially available to the L2 learner, but only those parameters that characterise first language phenomena are available. The full access hypothesis states that universal grammar is completely available to L2 learners and that any differences between first and second language acquisition can be accounted for via other ways. If any part of this model is correct, it seems unlikely that it is the full access hypothesis. As stated previously, much evidence exists suggesting L2 language acquisition is rarely ever as complete as first language acquisition. Or at least, it is a much slower process and it takes a long time for L2 learners to become as proficient in the language as native speakers. Hale (1996) suggests that universal grammar is very difficult to distinguish from first language acquisition in L2 learners, implying that the two are almost one of the same. Indeed, many researchers agree with the idea that universal language is something that goes hand-in-hand with first language acquisition, but not with second language acquisition. It seems that the matter of how involved universal language is in second language acquisition may never be resolved. On one hand, the presence of certain phenomena in L2 that are absent in the first language along with evidence that the phenomena have not been learned suggest that maybe innate language skill do have a role in L2 learning, however evidence from Zdorenko and Paradis (2007) along with other studies suggest that innate language abilities at least dont hold the most significant level of importance. If universal grammar does have a role in the learning of a second language, Flynns hypothesis of partial access would arguably seem most plausible. The fact that many individuals learning a second language never become fully competent at it suggests that full access is not possible, since this would therefore suggest no variation in the ability to speak a second language from the ability to speak a first language. No access however seems unlikely to, since the fact that there are similarities in the mistakes L2 learners and children learning a first language make implies that there is some innate mechanism governing language ability; a mechanism all individuals have that predisposes them to language and which diminishes as they age but never fades. This theory is further backed up by the fact that, within the Zdorenko and Paradis study, they found that the children had features of language acquisition in common with both first and second language acquisition, implying that maybe thei r innate language skills (due to their age) were having an affect (although this is not an idea that is pointed out within the study). The ‘critical period hypothesis is a well-known theory of language acquisition which states that children are much more primed for learning languages than adults. This hypothesis fits together very well with the partial access hypothesis. The critical period hypothesis is widely accepted by a large number of linguists. One of the best known examples here is that of Genie, a girl brought up in social isolation, who started to learn to talk at a late age (Curtiss, 1977). Although she was shown to not be mentally impaired, she was never able to learn to speak properly. It is most likely this was due to her age and her inability therefore to gain full access to her innate language abilities. Therefore, universal grammar seems to be something that very possibly does influence L2 learning and adult learners, but its effect diminishes with age, and therefore children can learn languages first, second and beyond more effectively than adults.

Montage in Films and Music Videos Essay -- Film Review, Montage

In the 1920s, artist like Sergei Eisenstein, Dziga Vertov and Vsevolod Pudovkin started experimenting with the new technique in their abstractfilms which is known as montage. Montage which is a synonym for Editing is a technique where two or more shots are juxtaposed which create a new meaning thatis not existent looking at the shots individually (Manovich, 2001). Few of the early examples of films using this technique are The Battleship Potemkin(1925) by Eisenstein and Man with a Movie Camera(1929) by Vertov.Montages are widely used in many other TV production areas like Advertisement, Dramas, News Programs and Music Videos. The Music Videos make excessive use of montages for the imagery in theirsongs; one of the examples is The Buggles- Video Killed the Radio Star (1971) which was the first music video to be shown on television at launch of MTV in 1981. Both Films and Music Videos use different approach towards editing of their shots, which plays a major role in maintaining balance between audio and visual information. The main difference between Hollywood classical films is that they are narrative while Music Videos are non-narrative in nature. Films present series of events in different ways that imply connection between one event and the next. It basically follows the cause-and-effect relationship where one action is the result of another (Manchel, 1990). Editing in films binds the narrative by assembling sequences, layers of imagery, the story, music, effects and the pace to shape the story into a final product.Editing in music videos is done to setup a mood, feeling and emotional state which disconnects the audience from the traditional narrative. There may be or may not be a story, but the main focus of music videos is ... ...have already begun to see – more as a means to playful firing visual fascination. The opposition of realistic film visual culture and non-narrative montage tradition has begun to breakdown. It is leading towards hybridization of realistic and stylized editing. Thus at one extreme there is a montage phenomenon of music video and on the other hand the editing technique of traditional cinema comes together. Montage is no longer a dominant aesthetic according to the new computer culture, as it was throughout the twentieth century, from the avant-garde of the 1920s up until postmodernism of the 1980s. New editing techniques like composting has emerged which combines different spaces into a single environment seamlessly creating a virtual space. Compositing is an example of the alternative aesthetics of continuity and it is considered counterpart of montage aesthetics.

Economic Development for Developing Countries Essay

International Undergraduate Program Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia Depok 2013 Larger Rural Populations but Rapid Rural-to-Urban Migration One of the hallmarks of economic development is a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services. Although modernizing in many regions, rural areas are poorer and tend to suffer from missing markets, limited information, and social stratification. However, a massive population shift is also under way as hundreds of millions of people are moving from rural to urban areas, fueling rapid urbanization, with its own attendant problems. Lower Levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports Industrialization is associated with High Productivity and Incomes. It is also a hallmark of modernization and national economic power. Moreover, it is a national priority for many developing countries, including Indonesia. In developed countries, Agriculture only contributes small share to the overall employment and the same goes to Industry, which the share of employment is smaller than the developing countries, since they tend to expand their Service sector. An often suggested but controversial â€Å"Pattern of Development† is that the share of employment in industry is decreasing as the service increases as when developed-country status achieved) Furthermore, developing nations have tended to have a higher dependence on primary exports even though the goods are typically less advanced in skill and technology content. Adverse Geography Geography plays a role in problems of agriculture, public health, and  comparative underdevelopment. In tropical/sub-tropical countries for example, most of them are developing countries. They suffer from pests, diseases such as Malaria, and many others. Another case is in Africa, which most countries are landlocked countries. They tend to have lower incomes than other countries that are Coastal. Not only geographical location, the rising issue of Global Warming might also bring impact especially in African and South East countries. However, geography is not destiny, but the presence of common and often adverse geographic features in comparison to temperate zone countries means it is beneficial to study tropical and subtropical developing countries together for some purposes. Underdeveloped Markets Imperfect market and imperfect information which can be found mainly in developing countries creates the market less efficient. There are aspects that determine Market Underdevelopment. They lack of: 1. a legal system that enforces contracts and validates property rights 2. a stable and trustworthy currency 3. an infrastructure of roads and utilities that results in low transport and communication costs so as to facilitate interregional trade 4. a well-developed and efficiently regulated system of banking and insurance 5. substantial market information for consumers and producers about prices, quantities, and qualities of products and resources as well as the creditworthiness of potential borrowers 6. social norms that facilitate successful long-term business relationships Lingering Colonial Impacts and Unequal International Relations Colonial Legacy Most developing countries were once colonies of Europe or otherwise dominated by European or other foreign powers, and institutions created during the colonial period often had pernicious effects on development that in many cases have persisted to the present day. Both domestically and internationally, developing countries have more often lacked institutions and formal organizations of the type that have benefited the developed world: Domestically, on average, property rights have been less secure, constraints on elites have been weak, and a smaller segment of society has  been able to gain access to and take advantage of economic opportunities. Problems with governance and public administration, as well as poorly performing markets, often stem from poor institutions. Moreover, several decades after independence, the effects of the colonial era linger for many developing nations, particularly the least developed ones. Due to colonialism, there is a high inequality between the people living in ex-colonies countries resulting less movement toward democratic institutions, less investment in public goods, and less widespread investment in human capital (education, skills, and health). The European colonial powers also had a dramatic and long-lasting impact on the economies and political and institutional structures of their African and Asian colonies by their introduction of three powerful and tradition shattering ideas: private property, personal taxation, and the requirement that taxes be paid in money rather than in kind. These innovations were introduced in ways that facilitated elite rule rather than broad-based opportunity. External Dependence Related with the Colonial Legacy, developing countries are less well organized and influential in international relations. They also have weaker bargaining position in international economic relations. Moreover, developing countries are dependent on the developed world for environmental preservation (on which hopes for sustainable development depend). This is called Environmental Dependence. This becomes interesting since Global Warming is more likely to harm the Developing Countries compared to the developed ones. How Low-Income Countries Today Differ from Developed Countries in Their Earlier Stages There are eight significant differences in initial conditions that require a special analysis of the growth prospects and requirements of modern economic development: 1. Physical and human resource endowments 2. Per capita incomes and levels of GDP in relation to the rest of the world 3. Climate 4. Population size, distribution, and growth 5. Historical role of international migration 6. International trade benefits 7. Basic scientific and technological research and development capabilities 8. Efficacy of domestic institutions Physical and Human Resource Endowments Some developing nations are blessed with abundant natural resources, while in Africa the resources are plentiful but yet to be discovered. Huge capital needed to be invested in order or these resources to be explored and exploited. The ability of a country to exploit its natural resources and to initiate and sustain long-term economic growth is dependent on, among other things, the ingenuity and the managerial and technical skills of its people and its access to critical market and product information at minimal cost. The problem with low-income and developing countries nowadays is that their people are less educated, less informed, less experienced, and less skilled compared to their counterparts were in the early days of economic growth in the West. Moreover, there is an ingenuity gap (the ability to apply innovative ideas to solve practical social and technical problems) between the rich and the poor. This did not exist in now developed countries on the eve of industrialization. Relative Levels of Per Capita Income and GDP People in low-income countries have lower level real per capita income than the developed ones in the 19th centuries. Meanwhile, today’s developed nations were economically in advance of the rest of the world. Therefore, they could take advantage of their relativity strong financial position to widen the income gaps between themselves and less fortunate countries in a long period of income divergence. By contrast, today’s developing countries began their growth process at the low end of the international per capita income scale. Climatic Differences The economically most successful countries are usually located in the temperate zone. Even though social inequality and institutional have greater importance, but dichotomy is more than coincidence. Extreme heat and humidity in most poor countries contribute in deteriorating soil quality and the rapid depreciation of many natural goods. Not only that, extreme heat and humidity also contribute to low productivity of certain crops, the weakened regenerative growth of forests, the poor health of animals,  Discomfort workers (weaken their health), and reduce their desire to engage in strenuous physical work which eventually will lower their productivity. In conclusion, tropical geography does pose problem on economic development.

16 jobs you can do from anywhere in the world

16 jobs you can do from anywhere in the world Remote jobs are the way of the future. In 2016, 43% of employed Americans spent at least some time working remotely. If you’ve ever fantasized about the digital nomad lifestyle, you’re in luck – it’s a good time to make the switch, and it might not even involve a drastic change from your current career path.Here are 16 jobs you can do from anywhere that strikes your fancy.Media buyerMedia buyers negotiate with advertising agents to secure ad placements that get the most bang for a client’s buck. As a media buyer, you may be purchasing ad space for traditional media – TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines – or for digital media, such as display, video, and paid social and search.With digital ad spend forecasted to total over half of total U.S. ad spend by the end of 2021, there’s a tremendous opportunity for media buyers with experience in programmatic and digital.Project managerIf you possess strong leadership skills as well as m ultitasking and problem-solving abilities, project management might just be the remote job of your dreams.As a project manager, you’ll plan project timelines, manage resources, coordinate team schedules, and ensure successful completion of milestones. Besides regularly working with internal staff, you may also be involved in client onboarding.Online instructorIf you love to teach, you’re in luck: There’s diverse opportunity in the online education sector. Adjunct professor, math tutor, teaching assistant, ESL teacher, special needs instructor – the list of potential online jobs goes on.As an online educator, you’ll spend your days preparing and updating course materials, instructing students, moderating forums, and grading student work.Customer service repToday, the list of SaaS startups and web hosting companies is endless – and so is the demand for customer service reps, such as live chat agents. If you’re tech-savvy and good at res ponding tactfully in high-pressure situations, then this is a great opportunity for you.As a customer service rep, you’ll respond to questions about products and services, offer technical support, and resolve customer complaints.Onboarding specialistIf you have a background in HR and recruiting, consider taking it online and becoming an onboarding specialist or hiring manager.Onboarding specialists source, screen, and recommend new candidates as well as help to coordinate new hires. Many companies also require onboarding specialists to handle new customers and clients.Administrative assistantAre you a wizard at Microsoft Office? Are your organizational skills and multitasking abilities above average? If so, then you’d likely make a great administrative assistant.Often called virtual assistants or VAs, online administrative assistants perform a wide variety of clerical tasks – from handling phone calls and emails to coordinating schedules, performing data entry, drafting and filing paperwork, and even handling travel arrangements for clients.Digital marketing managerDigital marketing is a booming industry. SaaS companies and startups often hire content managers, social media managers, SEO professionals, email marketing specialists, and paid search experts – all of which can be done entirely online.If you’re just breaking into the challenging and ever-changing world of digital marketing, consider getting your feet wet with a do-from-anywhere job as a digital marketing assistant.Payroll supportIf you’re detail-oriented and comfortable working with spreadsheets, then you might enjoy working remotely as a payroll support clerk.In this role, you’ll be responsible for managing employee timesheets and other payroll records, filing taxes, processing payments, and communicating with staff about payroll issues.TranscriptionistTranscriptionists convert recorded speech into text format – here’s an example trans cript. Some transcription providers specialize in academic, legal, insurance, corporate, or medical transcription services.As a transcriptionist, you’ll need strong spelling and grammar skills and a fast typing speed. You’ll be expected to transcribe a wide variety of audio, including podcasts, videos, lectures, conference calls, focus groups, and interviews. If you speak another language, you can also offer translation services.A closely related job is video captioning – perfect for movie buffs.Event plannerIf you want to work remotely but still interact with other people daily, then event planning could be the perfect online job for you.Your duties as an online event planner will include managing event logistics and budget, generating audiences and speakers, and handling event registration. You’ll also act as the liaison between exhibitors, event producers, and other staff.Designer or illustratorMany companies – particularly start-ups and digital agencies – regularly require the services of creative professionals like designers and illustrators.As a professional designer, you’ll use your expertise in programs like Illustrator and PowerPoint to create visuals, charts, diagrams, infographics, and other marketing materials for your clients.Conversion optimization skills are in especially high demand. If you have them, consider marketing yourself as an expert landing page or email newsletter designer.Video or audio editorVideo and audio editors use a combination of technical and creative skills to create and edit trailers, films, podcasts, advertisements, games, radio broadcasts, and music.To qualify for this online job, you’ll need to be proficient in industry-standard audio and/or video editing software such as Adobe After Effects, Adobe Premiere Pro, Photoshop, and Pro Tools.Voice talentHas anyone ever told you that you have a great voice? If so, then you might consider becoming a professional voiceover artist.As a voiceover artist, you’ll be lending your voice to TV and radio programs, documentaries, commercials, audiobooks, and games. To be successful, you’ll need a home studio with professional audio recording equipment so you can record and master your tracks.InterviewerCompanies and clients hire interviewers to interview authors for autobiographies and magazine or news stories. Your job as a professional interviewer will be to conduct interviews over the phone or via Skype, asking questions and recording participant responses with digital recording equipment. You may also be required to produce a transcript of the call.To succeed as a professional interviewer, you’ll need excellent communication skills.Writer or editorThere’s no shortage of do-from-anywhere jobs for skilled writers and editors, especially when it comes to digital media. Competition for the best jobs is fierce, though, so consider specializing in a specific medium, such as press rele ases, grants, proposals, marketing copy, or online courses.Technical, medical, and scientific writers and editors are in high demand, and the work can pay very well.Travel consultantTravel agencies, airlines, resorts, rental companies, and cruise lines hire travel agents to assist clientele with business and leisure trips.Your tasks as a travel consultant will include booking reservations, handling cancellations, providing customer service, arranging accommodations and rentals, and confirming client itineraries. For a travel agent, good phone skills are a must.Whatever your talents are, there’s probably a remote job out there that’s a great match for your skills and experience. It may take a little digging to find it, but it’ll be worth it!About the Author:Â  Chloe Brittain is a freelance writer and the owner of Opal Transcription Services, a North America-based company providing interview transcription services to companies in the U.S., Canada, and abroad. Con nect with Chloe on LinkedIn and Twitter (@opaltranscripts).

How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Essays

How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Essays How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Paper How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Paper How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading, proposes the notion that teachers are inevitably demoralizing the minds of children, thus forcing them to generate a fervent aversion towards reading. To start, Holt touches base on how teachers frequently test their students on the specifics of the assigned reading and whether or not they are able to comprehend certain components from it. For several reasons, Holt disagrees with this commonly used method, mostly due to the act that teachers are focusing so hard on minor details, they themselves are even forgetting what makes reading really important. It almost seems as though putting a book under a microscope and picking out the smallest details is more crucial than just simply enjoying the reading. In addition, Holt describes how the idea of looking up and memorizing definitions of vocabulary not yet recognized to the students is ineffective. He discovered all the vocabulary quizzes and worksheets asking for definitions were quite a vain method of teaching. Every students mortifying straighter was being forced to read aloud to the class; It was a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. Eventually this nightmare created a mental wall made of fear of mistakes, humiliation and pain. The primary message in this piece can be seen as children are being cheated from the simple Joys of reading. In his many years of teaching experience, Holt was influenced in many ways. The immediate occasion found in this passage of writing is none other than Halts sister. He portrays a time when his sister offered the idea that it is not necessary to be ware of every single part of a novel and that memorizing definitions was frankly a waste of time. She was absolutely convinced that school had ruined her sons passion for reading. At first, Holt was reluctant and disagreed with her, but after about two years elapsed since this discussion, he came to the consensus that she was right. This realization impacted his life entirely as he became fully aware of the fact that students were not benefiting from these exercises at all whatsoever. Once he understood that fear had now became an immense part of reading, he knew he had o take action. This occasion of sudden insight was pure motivation to get his message across using what he knows best: literature. The audience being directed at in numerous pieces of Halts writings are all identical. One example of the directed audience would be other mind-poisoning teachers that might come to their senses after reading Halts piece. At first, he himself disagreed with the ideas mentioned, but after a brief insightful Journey he recognized that he was wrong after all. Holt attempts to get his audience to imagine he epiphany he received and help other English teachers to realize that memorization for vocabulary tests and worksheets may not necessarily be the best way to learn. Another audience member that was targeted would be the parents of students everywhere. He tries to explain and urge that parents to try to abandon and avoid this ongoing process to their best ability. Seen in one of his final paragraphs, Holt makes a call to action to these parents. This call to action demands that parents have the full capability to make a difference and that they should do as such. One of he can to enlighten these adolescents by explaining how they should not give up on reading thanks to the doings of a teacher. Students should read in order to obtain new knowledge, but also to venture into a new world where you can go to feel free. Overall, the main audience generally revolves around the school system and people affected by it. Holt is positively convinced that the school system is corrupt due to the severe lack of freedom in the way teachers instruct their classes. After he grasped the idea about eating whatever book they choose in their free time, he attained a great deal of previously unknown knowledge about his students. The purpose of him writing these opinionated essays is to show society that reading can be pleasurable when it is not being constantly forced upon students. Seeing students improve their reading and learning abilities without persistent vocabulary and reading analysis tests is one of Halts main objectives as well. There is a distinct difference between wanting to read and be able to read and he believed he could make it so that they are both in onions. The author of this passage was John Holt, who an elementary school English educator for most of his life. His experience as a teacher have opened his eyes to what he truly believes in and will continue to be an advocate for. From the information given, it is quite evident that Holt is well educated. This observation could be inferred by his use of word choice and also his grammatically correct and elegant sentence structure. Another inference that can be made about Holt is that he is rather headstrong and stands up for what he believes in. For example, it took him woo years to realize and accept the fact that his sister was correct, and ever since he has never ceased to proclaim his beliefs. Throughout the piece, Holt changes in the aspect of his tone. Towards the beginning, Holt was a firm, strict teacher who, as he claimed, was not exactly lenient. Throughout the entire essay, Holt remains to keep his tone insightful and knowledgeable on everything. Eventually however, his tone begins to adjust and he becomes a radical thinker who wants to see a change, rather than the ordinary school teacher who prefers to stick to what has always been.

Sainsbury and NHS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sainsbury and NHS - Assignment Example The paper analyzes Sainsbury and NHS based of their financial and accounting performances. First paper of the paper analyzes the financial performance of the two companies whereas the second part comments upon the accounting profit as a measure to the organization. This includes critical discussion on the relevance of accounting profit as a performance measure in an organization. The financial analysis of two companies would be based on the CORE framework. Sainsbury Plc is a company listed in London Stock Exchange and is engaged in primarily the retailing business. The other businesses of the company include financial services and retail investment businesses within UK (Sainsbury Annual Report 2010). With the help of e-commerce technologies, the company provides home-delivery shopping services to its customers through internet. With a market capitalization of 1.59 billion, the company currently operates in over 900 stores in and around UK. The company was incorporated in 1869 with he adquarters in London (Sainsbury Annual Report 2010). National Health Service (NHS) was incorporated in 1948 in United Kingdom and is now the world’s largest publicly funded health service. The services of national health services are free of cost for anyone residing in UK. . It covers everything from antenatal screening to open heart surgery, accident and emergency treatment and end-of-life care (NHS Choices 2011). NHS is also certified with The Information Standard. NHS also has a fully functional website, which helps patients to provide online information and online services  . A patient can have access to the medical advice through the website of NHS (NHS Choices 2011). It also has a symptom checker that can assist patients in determine their disease, by checking for the symptoms and matching it with their own level of comfort. Analysis Sainsbury Key Financials       31/03/2010    31/03/2009    31/03/2008    31/03/2007    31/03/2006    mil GBP mil GBP mil G BP mil GBP mil GBP                   Turnover 19,964 18,911 17,837 17,151 16,061 Profit (Loss) before Taxation 733 466 479 477 104 Net Tangible Assets (Liab.) 7,918 6,954 6,850 6,680 7,746 Shareholders’ Funds 4,966 4,376 4,935 4,349 3,886 Profit Margin (%) 3.67 2.46 2.69 2.78 0.65 Return on Shareholders’ Funds (%) 14.76 10.65 9.71 10.97 2.68 Return on Capital Employed (%) 9.09 6.55 6.83 6.96 1.31 Liquidity Ratio (x) 0.41 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.68 Gearing (%) 63.81 66.09 44.54 65.97 169.92 Number of Employees 97,300 97,300 98,600 95,500 96,200 Top Grocery Stores Companies by Market Cap Company Symbol Price Change Market Cap P/E Tesco PLC TSCO.L 407.25   0.27% 10.87B 437.90 J Sainsbury PLC SBRY.L 341.90   0.06% 1.59B 236.77 Greggs PLC GRG.L 513.00   0.59% 1.53B 4,130.14 Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC MRW.L 288.30   0.70% 1.53B 246.41 Ocado Group PLC OCDO.L 234.80   3.25% 1.22B N/A Wesfarmers Limited WESN.AX 33.31   0.42% 77.08B 41.40 Source: NHS Key Fina ncials PROFILE 31-01-10 31-01-09 31-01-08 31-01-07 31-01-06 Turnover 214,300 248,000 236,100 241,300 246,300 Profit (Loss) before Taxation -8,700 -17,400 3,100 4,000 15,700 Net Tangible Assets (Liab.) 70,700 102,600 104,900 107,300 114,800 Shareholders’ Funds 71,100 102,200 117,000 119,700 125,900 Profit Margin (%) -4.06 -7.02 1.31 1.66 6.37 Return on Shareholders’ Funds (%) -12.24 -17.03 2.65 3.34 12.47 Return on Capital Employed (%) -11.90 -16.59 2.61 3.29 12.28 Liquidity Ratio 1.21 1.33 1.62 1.52 1.51 Gearing Ratio (%) 2.81 3.23 3.93 7.60 4.77 Number of Employees 3,173 3,407 3,247 3,183 3,082 Ratio Analysis For analyzing the financial performance of Sainsbury and NHS, ratios would be an effective tool of control. In the

College is worth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College is worth - Essay Example In addition to that, these protagonist claim that college graduates have got advanced interpersonal skills, have children who are healthier, live longer and have even proved their capacity to accomplish key milestones (Richard, 2012). On the other hand individuals against college contend the fact that debt arising out of college loans is very high and therefore hinders graduates from starting early savings for their retirement, getting married and purchasing a house. They further argue that several successful people never finished their college education and that several jobs particularly trades jobs, necessarily do not need college degrees (Bennett, 2013). Those are not only the underlying issues though. Thus the presence of highly successful individuals who dropped out of college such as Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and most recently Mark Zuckerberg weighs heavily on young individuals’ decisions on whether or not to attend college education. Similarly some experts make arguments that going to college have literally become less about studying actual skills and more about basically paying to get a degree. Meanwhile the debate about college education is quite controversial and is on many forums of the American Society and expected to go on in foreseeable

X-Ray Technician Workloads Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

X-Ray Technician Workloads - Research Paper Example As the report stresses there is increasing realisation that for x-ray technicians to be capable of optimum performance that they need post-graduate training as a specialist. However, extended study at university is not always a feasible option for the x-ray operator, due to economic, personal or cultural factors. Also, it is important that the health care provided by practioners meet the needs of the community, and as such, most x-ray technicians find themselves needing to be multi-taskers as practioners. This paper hopes to provide methodological insights in to analysis of the working conditions for x-ray staff. Ideally, this research will contribute to local, state and national standards regarding x-ray technician workloads and training. Also, this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of the role of the x-ray technician and the workplace factors that impact on their performance. To date, there is a glaring neglect into the study of the x-ray technician workforce. Reliable data is difficult to gather due to the different contexts of work environment, x-ray technician, and patient specific needs. A survey will measure patient satisfaction and x-ray technician workloads at a hospital in the UK. It is hypothesized that on the days of high workloads that the patients will report higher ratings of dissatisfaction. It is also expected that x-ray technicians that are specialists will receive higher ratings from patients with conditions which they specialize in, as compared to those not within their specialty training. A Review of the Literature To date, very little literature exists on the topic of x-ray technician working conditions. General information is readily available, such as the frequency of educational completions or numbers of licenses approved (Patterson et al., 2004). Research into this subject is critical, especially as x-ray technician services are unlikely to be distributed according to community needs. It is a limitation in the understanding of community health care needs when adequate data about the conditions of the workforce of x-ray technicians across time and location remains unknown. Further,

The theatrical drama Essay Example for Free

The theatrical drama Essay Eddies life is very good to him at the start of the play and his ideas of manliness never really come under threat. That is until Marco and Rodolpho arrive. Marco and Rodolpho are Beatrices nephews and have illegally emigrated from Italy. Marco and Rodolpho are at the two furthest points away from each other on Eddies manliness scale. Marco is very manly, more so than Eddie. He is very strong, very quiet and cares more about the necessities of living than having a good time. Rodolpho on the other hand does not conform to Eddies views of manliness at all and this creates minor conflicts on a regular basis, but Eddie really begins so dislike Rodolpho when he starts to have a relationship with Catherine. Eddie begins to tell everybody that Rodolpho aint right and is no good. He accuses Rodolpho of being effeminate and suspects that his blond hair isnt natural and says that his singing makes him sound like a chorus girl. Eddie makes these links because he is intellectually limited and acts by instinct and prejudice. Eddies lack of intelligence eventually leads to him actually believing all of the things hes made up about Rodolpho. This leads to conflicts, as he feels threatened when he tries to justify his accusations and ends up being quite comical. An example of this is when he goes to see Mr Alfieri (his lawyer). Eddie is asking Mr Alfieri what he can do to stop Rodolpho marrying Catherine. Mr Alfieri is telling Eddie that he cant do anything and he can only deal in whats provable and the only thing thats provable is that hes an immigrant. Eddie then begins to get annoyed and tells Mr Alfieri that The guy aint right and hes a blond guy. Like platinum But Mr Alfieri cannot understand what Eddie is trying to say. This is because Eddie really doesnt know whats hes saying, hes just making it up as he goes along. This is highlighted by the constant pauses when he is speaking. Eddies constant stuttering as he tries to make Mr Alfieri understand what he is trying to say, shows the audience that he is lying/making it up. Eddies dislike of Rodolpho bubbles under the surface throughout Act One and in Act Two Eddie and Rodolpho have a conflict, which is a pivotal moment in the structure of the play. Eddie comes home drunk to find that Catherine and Rodolfo have been in the bedroom together. He immediately thinks the worst and tells Rodolfo to get out of his house. Catherine argues with him and then decides that she has to leave as well but Eddie grabs her. Rodolfo reacts angrily to this and flies at Eddie in attack. To this Eddie pins him to the floor and unexpectedly kisses him. Eddie gets up with tears rolling down his face and laughs, mocking Rodolpho. This is a big moment as it is the first time Eddie has acted to back up his displeasure of the way Rodolfo has acted but it evidently hasnt helped his cause of getting Catherine to split up with him and has in fact caused more of a friction between himself and Catherine. It is also the first time that Eddie has shown very non masculine behaviour, by firstly kissing Rodolpho on the lips which completely contradicts Eddies accusations of Rodolpho being a homosexual and shows Eddie as being a hypocrite and secondly by crying, although both of these things could be blamed on Eddies drunken state. It is usually when someone is drunk that they forget to carry on their charade and reveal who they really are.

The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay

The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay Communication devices route and transmit information to various devices, including radio and telephone systems. Communications devices transmit voice and audio signals to telephone and cellular phones, which receive and reconvert the waves back into sound. Transmissions may be wired or wireless, depending on the application. Most telephones are wired, whereas cellular phones use wireless technology. Telephones themselves are communication devices and include a number of components and accessories including adapters, batteries, and electrical elements. Other communication devices commonly used for audio and telephone applications include magnetic receivers, optical interconnects, and switchboards. Magnetic receivers are communication devices that detect the magnetic fields emitted by a transmitter. Optical interconnects transmit information through optical cables, which are capable of higher bandwidth compared to traditional cables. Phone switchboards route communications and add adva nced features to telephone systems. Telephone systems may also employ automated voice answering systems to take messages and provide automated information retrieval requests. These communication devices are commonly used in call centres and for technical support applications. Communication devices also transmit information to radios and pagers. Radios are communication systems that send and/or receive electromagnetic waves and consist of a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. Pagers are electronic communications devices that are used to notify or alert a user. Communication received by pagers may be numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the model and complexity of the device. Other types of communication devices include navigation systems, such as global positioning systems (GPS) instruments and radar systems. GPS communication devices receive satellite communications and use it to provide position information. Radar communication devices use synchronized transmitters and receivers to send radio waves and detect their r eflections from objects, surfaces and sub-surface structures. List of Communication Devices Telephone Component Cellular Phone Radio Radar Systems Phone Switchboard Navigational Instrument Intercoms GPS Devices Automated Answering Devices Hubs and Bridges Routers and Switches Brouters Other Networking devices There are different communication devices such as routers, hub, switches and brides. These devices are required to transmit the data between one computer and another.   Based on the infrastructure of your network, you need to use different devices.   Hub and Switch are the LAN devices and the router is a LAN/WAN device.   These devices provide the medium of sending and receiving the data and connect the LAN and WAN segments of a network.   The other network devices are gateways, CSU/DSU, wireless access points, modems, ISDN adapters, proxy, firewall, multiplexer, digital media receiver, load balancers and the NIC adapter. Each of these devices plays a specific role in a computer network and only the complex and the large network use all these devices.   Being a network engineer or the systems administrator, you need to know the role and features of each device in your network. Hubs Hub is a LAN networking device and every computer in an Ethernet based network is directly connected with the hub. All the computers that are connected to the network share the same bandwidth.   When a hub receives the data packets at one of its port, it distributes the data signals to all the ports in a network. When two or more computers try to send the data signals at the same time, a collision occurs and the process is known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection.   Hubs are usually come with the 4, 8, 16 and 24 ports.   In the data communications, a hub is a place for the convergence where data arrives from multiple directions and forward to the multiple directions. The most advanced form of the hub is the intelligent or smart hub that contains the management software which is used to troubleshoot the most common problems. Bridges Bridges are the networking devices that divided up the network into different segments to reduce the amount of traffic on each network.   A bridge blocks and forwards the data packets based on their MAC addressees.   Be blocking the unnecessary traffic to enter the other part of the network segments, it reduces the amount of traffic and the other issues such network congestions and the bottleneck.   There are following three common types of the bridges. Transparent Bridge A Transparent bride is invisible to the other part of the computer network and it performs the functions of blocking and forwarding the data packets based on the MAC addressees.   They are the most popular types of the bridges. Translational Bridge Translation bridges are used to connect the two different networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring. It translates the data and forward to the other network. Source-Route  Bridge Source-Route bridges are designed for the Token Ring networks.   In the Source-Route Bridge, the entire route of the network frame is embedded into the frame. Switches A network switch is a LAN/WAN communication device. It joins the multiple computers together in the LAN and WAN.   In the LAN, the switches do not broadcast the data to all the connected computers like the hub.   Based on the IP/MAC addresses of the computer, a switch sends data only to the destined computer.   Switches operate on the data link and network layers of the OSI layers model.   Different models of the switches support the different number of the connected devices.   In the LAN, switches support 10mbps 10/100 mbps or 100mbps data transmission speed.   A switch conserves the bandwidth and offers the grater performance than the hub. Routers A router is a networking device that is used to connect the two or more logically and physically different networks.   On the internet, the routers plays the functions of sorting and distribution of the data packets based on the IP addresses of the destination router or computer.   Router use the header and forwarding table to choose the best shortest path to transmit the data towards the destination. A router is used to connect the two LANs, two WANs, and LAN with WAN and a LAN with the ISP network. Router uses the ISDN, frame relay, ATM and other communication technologies. A router operates at the network layer of the OSI model. GPS Global positioning system (GPS) instruments and GPS modules are radio-navigational devices that provide accurate position information about objects on Earth, based on information from orbiting satellites. Equipped with rubidium atomic clocks, 24 GPS satellites in high-orbital planes use coarse acquisition (C/A) codes to communicate with GPS ground stations. These Earth-based control segments monitor almanac and ephemeris signals from GPS satellites, and communicate the small corrections that become necessary when there are changes to either a satellites orbit or to Earths ionosphere. By using the information in the almanac and ephemeris signals, GPS receivers can determine the time required to transmit a signal. Because that time is proportional to the distance traveled, GPS modules and devices can determine the arc on which the GPS receiver lies and, therefore, the intersection point and position. Selecting GPS instruments and GPS modules requires an analysis of parameters for produ ct type, performance, power, and connection and communication. Product types include GPS receivers, GPS transmitters, GPS antennas, and GPS data loggers. Performance specifications for GPS receiver modules include the number of channels, frequency range, sensitivity, position accuracy, and time to first fix. Task 2 Leaflet